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In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils, from the First Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Council of Nicaea (787), represented an attempt to reach an orthodox consensus and to continue and develop a unified Christendom. The East–West Schism, formally dated to 1054, was still almost three centuries off from the last of these councils, but already by 787 the major western sees, although still in communion with the state church of the Byzantine Empire, were all outside the empire, and the Pope was to crown Charlemagne as emperor 13 years later. Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Nestorian, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and some Lutheran churches all claim to trace their clergy by apostolic succession back to this period and beyond, to the earlier period referred to as Early Christianity. However, breaks of unity that still persist today had occurred even during this period. The Church of the East (Nestorian) accepts the first two of these seven councils, but rejects the third, the Council of Ephesus (431), and subsequent councils. The Quinisext Council (692), which attempted to establish the Pentarchy and which is not generally considered one of the first seven ecumenical councils,〔(Schaff's ''Seven Ecumenical Councils: Introductory Note to Council of Trullo'' ): "From the fact that the canons of the Council in Trullo are included in this volume of the Decrees and Canons of the Seven Ecumenical Councils it must not for an instant be supposed that it is intended thereby to affirm that these canons have any ecumenical authority, or that the council by which they were adopted can lay any claim to being ecumenical either in view of its constitution or of the subsequent treatment by the Church of its enactments."〕 is not accepted by the Roman Catholic Church,〔(Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council" ). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".〕 which also considers that there have been many more ecumenical councils after the first seven, see Roman Catholic ecumenical councils 8-21. This era begins with the First Council of Nicaea, which enunciated the Nicene Creed that in its original form and as modified by the First Council of Constantinople of 381 was seen as the touchstone of orthodoxy on the doctrine of the Trinity. At this point, though the emperors had already ceased to reside habitually at Rome, the church in that city was seen as the first church among churches〔Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972〕 In 330 Constantine built his "New Rome", which became known as Constantinople, in the East. All of the seven councils were held in the ''East'', specifically in Anatolia and the neighboring city of Constantinople. The first scholar to consider this time period as a whole was Philip Schaff, who wrote ''(The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church )'', first published after his death in 1901. The topic is of particular interest to proponents of paleo-orthodoxy who seek to recover the church before the schisms. ==The Councils== These seven ecumenical councils are: # First Council of Nicaea (325) # First Council of Constantinople (381) # Council of Ephesus (431) # Council of Chalcedon (451) # Second Council of Constantinople (553) # Third Council of Constantinople (680) # Second Council of Nicaea (787) However, not all of these councils have been universally recognised as ecumenical. As indicated above, the Church of the East accepts only the first two, and Oriental Orthodoxy only three. Nontrinitarians, such as Oneness Pentecostals, Unitarians, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Quakers, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses, reject the teachings of all seven. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「first seven ecumenical councils」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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